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1a. Adults have well-developed wings
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1b. Adults wingless or with wings vestigial or rudimentary
(nymphs, larvae & some adults)
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2a (1a). Wings
membranous, not hardened or leathery
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2b. Front wings hardened or leathery, at least at base (Figs.A-E); hind wings, if present, usually
membranous . . . . A
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3a (3a). Only 1 pair of
wings
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4a (3a). Body shaped like
a grasshopper; pronotum ( = dorsal plate or sclerite of
prothorax) extends
back over abdomen and is pointed apically; hind legs enlarged (Figs.A-F) [pygmy grasshoppers ... A ........ Orthoptera <Habits>; <Adults> & [Latest Classification[
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4b. Body not shaped like a
grasshopper; pronotum not as
previous; hind legs not so enlarged.
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5b. Does not fit previous description exactly
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6a (5b). Abdomen with 1-3
thread-like or bristle-like caudal (= tail)
filaments; mouthparts vestigia
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6b. Abdomen without thread-like or
bristle-like caudal filaments; mouthparts almost always developed,
mandibulate (= chewing) or for sucking
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7a (6a). Antennae long and
conspicuous; abdomen terminates in one long style (rarely 2); wings with a
single forked vein (Fig.A); halteres (=
knobbed modified hind wings) present and
usually terminating in a hooklike bristle; minute insects, usually <5 mm in length [male scale
insects] ...... A ,,,,,,.. Homoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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7b. Antennae short, bristle-like, and
inconspicuous; abdomen with 2-3 thread-like caudal filaments; wings with
numerous veins and cells; halteres absent; usually >5 mm in length (Fig. A) [mayflies] ...... Ephemeroptera <Habits> [Latest Classification]
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8b. Tarsi with 2-3-segments; mouthparts
variable; hind wings reduced or absent, not haltere-like
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10b. Wings not covered with scales; mouthparts
not a coiled proboscis, antennae variable
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11b. Wings not as previously described , or
if wings are somewhat linear, then the tarsi have more than 2 segments
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12a (11b). Front wings
relatively large and usually triangular; hind wings small and usually rounded, the
wings at rest held together above the body; wings usually with many veins and cells;
antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen with 2-3
thread-like caudal
filaments (Fig.A); delicate, soft-bodied insects (Fig.B) [mayflies]
... A
...... Ephemeroptera <Habits> [Latest Classification]
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12b. Not as previously described
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13a (12b). Tarsi with 5
segments
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13b. Tarsi with 4 or less segments
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14b. Front wings not hairy, at the most with
microscopic hairs; mandibles well developed; antennae shorter than body
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15a (14b). Body quite hard,
wasplike insects; clypeus not elongated; the abdomen often constricted
at base, 1st abdominal segment fused to thorax; fore wings distinctly
larger than hind wings and with fewer veins; front
wings with 20 or less cells (Figs.A-F)[sawflies,
bees and wasps] ....... A ........ Hymenoptera
<Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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15b. Body soft, not wasplike, the abdomen
not constricted at base; hind wings about the same size as
front wings and usually with about as many veins; front wings frequently
with more than 20 cells
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16a (15b). Costal area of
front wings (= area just behind anterior margin) nearly always with numerous
cross veins per pair of longitudinal veins (Fig.A),
or if not (Fig.B) then hind wings shorter than front
wings; mouthparts not prolonged ventrally into a beak (Figs.C-G) [lacewings,
dobsonflies, antlions] ... A ........ Neuroptera
<General Characateristics> [Latest Classification]
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17a (13b). Hind wings as long
as front wings and of the same shape or wider at base, the wings at rest
held above the body or extended out (never held flat over abdomen); wings
with many veins
and cells; antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen long
and slender (Figs.A-B); tarsi with 3 segments; length 20-85
mm [dragonflies, damselflies) A .... Odonata <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
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17b. Not as previously described
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18a (17b). Mouthparts for
sucking
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18b. Mouthparts mandibulate (= chewing)
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19a (18a). Beak arises from
front part of head (Figs.A-E) [gnat bugs..Hemiptera /Heteroptera ...... A
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20b. Tarsi with 3 or less segments; hind
wings usually shorter than front wings; cerci either present or
absent
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21a (20b). Hind wings with
anal area nearly always enlarged and forming a lobe, which is \ folded like a fan
at rest; venation varying from normal to very dense, the front wings
usually with several
cross veins between Cu-1 and M and
between Cu-1 and Cu-2 (Fig. A); cerci
present and often fairly long; mostly 10 mm or more in length; nymphs
aquatic, and adults usually near water (Figs.A-F) [stoneflies] .... A ...... Plecoptera <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
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21b. Hind wings without an enlarged anal area and not folded at
rest; venation normal or reduced, with no extra cross veins; short cerci
present or absent; mostly 10 mm in length or less;
nymphs not aquatic and adults not regularly near water
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22b. Tarsi with 2-3 segments, basal segment of front tarsi not
enlarged
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23b. Cerci absent; tarsi with 2-3 segments;
wing venation not much reduced (Figs.A-D) ;antennae not moniliform, usually long
and hairlike, with 13 or more segments ...... Psocoptera (= Corrodentia)
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24a (2b). Mouthparts for
sucking, beak elongated and usually segmented (Figs.A-B)...... A
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24b. Mouthparts mandibulate
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25a (24a). Beak arises from
front of head (Fig.A); basal portion of fore wing
usually thickened and leathery, but membranous at tip, the tips overlapping
at rest (Fig.B)
A [true bugs] ..... Hemiptera / Heteroptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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25b. Beak arises from hind part of head,
often appearing to begin at base of front legs; front wings of uniform texture throughout, the tips not, or
only slightly, overlapping at rest [leafhoppers & some psyllids]
....... Homoptera
<Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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26b. Abdominal cerci not like forceps, or
if cerci appear as such, then front wings cover most of abdomen; tarsi
variable
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27a (26b). Front wings entirely
leathery and without veins and usually meet in a straight line down
middle of back; antennae generally with 11 or fewer segments and have
diverse shapes (Figs.A-I); hind wings narrow, usually longer
than front wings when unfolded, and with few veins (Figs.J-O)
[beetles] .... A ...... Coleoptera
<Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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27b. Front wings with veins and either held
like a roof over abdomen or overlapping over abdomen
when at rest; antennae generally with >12 segments; hind wings broad,
usually shorter
than front wings, and with many veins (Fig.A), usually folded like a fan at rest [crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches and
preying mantids]..... Orthoptera <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
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28a (1b). Body usually
insect-like, with segmented legs and usually segmented antennae
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28b. Body generally worm-like, body regions
(except possibly head) not well differentiated, and segmented thoracic legs
absent; antennae present or absent
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29b. Wings entirely absent or with 4 rudimentary wings and no halteres;
tarsi variable
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30b. Antennae usually present (sometimes small); size and
habitat variable..........
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31a (30b). Ectoparasites of birds,
mammals, or honey bees and usually found on the host; body somewhat
leathery and usually flattened dorsoventrally or laterally
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31b. Free-living (not ectoparasitic), terrestrial or aquatic
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32a (31a). Tarsi with 5
segments; antennae short and usually concealed in grooves on head; mouthparts
for sucking
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32b. Tarsi with fewer than 5 segments; antennae and mouthparts variable
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34b. Antennae not longer than head; tarsi with 1 segment
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35a (34b). Head as wide as
or wider than prothorax; mouthparts mandibulate; parasites of birds (with 2 tarsal claws) and mammals (with 1
small tarsal claw) (Figs.A-D) A …[chewing lice] .... Mallophaga <Habits> [Latest Classification]
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36a (31b). Mouthparts for sucking,
with a conical or elongated beak enclosing stylets
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36b. Mouthparts mandibulate (sometimes hidden in head), not
beaklike
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37a (36a). Tarsi with 5 segments;
maxillary or labial palps ( = segmented processes) present
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37b. Tarsi with 4 or fewer segments; palps small or absent
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39a (37b). Mouthparts in the
form of a cone located basally on ventral side of head; palps present
but short; body elongated, usually <5 mm in length; antennae about as long
as head and
prothorax combined, not bristle-like, and 4-9 segmented; tarsi 1-2
segments, often
without claws (Fig.A) [thrips ....... A ....... Thysanoptera
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
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39b. Mouthparts as an elongated segmented beak; palps absent;
other characters variable
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40a (39b). Beak arises from
front part of head; antennae with 4-5 segments and not bristle-like; tarsi
usually with 3 segments; abdomen without cornicles (= dorsal
tubular structures on posterior abdomen ) [true bugs]. ... A. Hemiptera / Heteroptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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40b. Beak arises from rear of head;
antennae either with >5 segments (and tarsi with 2 segments)
or bristle-like (and tarsi with 3 segments); abdomen often with a pair of cornicles
(Fig.A) [aphids, hoppers, etc.]...... Homoptera
<Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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41a (36b). Abdomen very constricted
at base; antennae often elbowed; tarsi with 5 segments; bodies
hard, ant-like [ants & wingless wasps ........ Hymenoptera <Habits> [Latest Classification]
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41b. Abdomen not very constricted at base; antennae not elbowed;
tarsi variable
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42a (41b). Abdomen with 3
long thread-like caudal filaments and with style-like appendages on some
abdominal segments (Fig.A); mouthparts mandibulate, but often
somewhat A retracted into
head; body almost always covered with scales; terrestrial [bristletails]
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42b. Abdomen with only 2 thread-like caudal
filaments or none; if with 3 [mayfly nymphs] then aquatic; other characters
variable
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43a (42a). Compound eyes
large and usually contiguous; body somewhat cylindrical, with thorax
arched; ocelli present; middle and hind coxae often with styli; abdominal
styli (=
bristlelike processes) on segments 2-9 (Fig.A) ....
A ......Class:
Insecta; Subclass Monocondylia: Order: Arachaeognatha..…….... Microcoryphia
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43b. Compound eyes small and widely separated or absent; body somewhat
flattened dorsoventrally,
thorax not arched; ocelli present or absent; middle and hind coxae without
styli; abdominal segments 1-6 (sometimes 7)
without styli (Fig.A) [silverfish] ….….. Thysanura <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
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44a (42b). Aquatic insects,
often with tracheal gills (= protruding externally
at spiracles)
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44b. Terrestrial insects, without tracheal gills
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45a (44a). Nymphs; compound
eyes and usually wing pads present
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45b. Larvae; compound eyes and wing pads
absent
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46b. Labium normal, not as previously described
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47a (46b). Having 3 caudal
filaments; tarsi with 1 claw; gills located on lateral margins of abdominal terga (= dorsal
plates or sclerites) and usually
leaflike or plate-like A ... (Figs.A-C) [mayfly nymphs]......... Ephemeroptera
<Habits> [Latest Classification]
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48a (45b). Having 5 pairs of
prolegs (= fleshy abdominal legs) on ventral side of
abdomen, the prolegs
with tiny hooks (crochets) [aquatic caterpillars) ............ Lepidoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
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48b. Abdominal segments without prolegs or with only one
terminal pair
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49b. Mouthparts, and usually also antennae, short and not as
described previously
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50b. Tarsi with 1-2 claws; if with 2, then abdomen not as
described previously
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